The Biological Basis Of Personality Approach - 1747 Words

This essay will give a description of Personality before critically analysing the biological basis of personality approach. The biological basis approach tries to account for the mechanisms between genes and personality by looking at various different brain structures whilst the biochemical approach looks at the impact of hormones and neurotransmitters. The majority of our understanding of personality from a biological perspective focuses on the three main behavioural systems; the reward system, the motivation system and the punishment system. Within this essay I will be discussing the three main theories that have come from these ideas, Eyenck’s three-factor model, Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) and Cloningers model of personality. Human DNA is composed of roughly 30,000 genes composed of around 3 million base pairs and 99% of these are universally identical for everyone meaning they cannot be the source of personality differences in people. This suggests that the remaining genes are genetic mutations or polymorphisms, which have an influence on personality, and the biological approach uses three main methods to try and determine what % of individual differences in a trait can be attributed to genes and what % is a response to the environment. Family studies are a commonly used method as they correlate the degree of genetic overlap between family members with the degree of similarity in personality traits. In personality research they are generally used toShow MoreRelatedThe Individual Differences Approach to Personality: Personality is a term that has largely been1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Individual Differences Approach to Personality: Personality is a term that has largely been considered an unproblematic concept and primarily refers to the varying kinds of characteristics of individuals. Despite this assumption, psychologists have constantly used the word in different ways. The varying views in the use of this concept or term are fueled by the fact that psychology usually makes generalizations regarding individuals. Generally, personality seeks to examine the many differencesRead MoreIs The Theory Of Basis Data Scientific?1163 Words   |  5 Pages1. Is the theory’s basis data scientific? The trait/biological approach is a little scientific. The data used to establish the traits does not include a large and diverse sample. The theorists who did collect data collected it from individuals whose personalities supported their theories. Raymond Cattell collected three types of data: L-data (behavior in everyday situations), Q-data (self-reported questionnaires), and OT-data (objective tests). With the data, Cattell ran a factor analysis and ifRead MoreWeek 3 Paper psy 2501482 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Stefani Castillo University of Phoenix PSY 250 Sandra Coswatte June 2, 2014 Biological and Humanistic Approached to Personality Through the use of this paper the agreement between Maslow and Rogers when it comes to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs will be shown. It will also focus on the humanistic and biological approaches to personality. According to Orana (2009), Maslow’s hierarchy of needs isRead MoreCore Assumptions1565 Words   |  7 Pagesand key features of the biological and psychoanalytic perspectives in psychology? In what ways are they similar and how do they differ? When comparing the biological and psychoanalytic approach to psychology, you are able to see that they are different from one another. For example, the biological approach assumes that the mind and behaviour originate from the functioning of the body and that behaviour is driven by biological instincts. Whereas the psychoanalytic approach claims behaviour is drivenRead MoreCore Assumptions1555 Words   |  7 Pagesand key features of the biological and psychoanalytic perspectives in psychology? In what ways are they similar and how do they differ? When comparing the biological and psychoanalytic approach to psychology, you are able to see that they are different from one another. For example, the biological approach assumes that the mind and behaviour originate from the functioning of the body and that behaviour is driven by biological instincts. Whereas the psychoanalytic approach claims behaviour is drivenRead MoreThe Biological And Psychoanalytical Approach1489 Words   |  6 PagesBoth the biological and psychoanalytical approach have had a long history and still stand current today. Assumptions of the biological approach to psychology view men as a biological organism; everything, from what we think to what we do, has its basis in our physical structure (Carlson, 2004). Alternatively, the psychoanalytical approach heavily focuses on the â€Å"unconscious† and the role of internal processes in shaping personality and thus behaviour (Glassman Hadad, 2004). Fathered by Freud, theRead Moretheories on crime comparison 1138 Words   |  5 Pagescrimes exist. This paper will provide information on sociological theory including the relationship between personality and criminal behavior according to sociological theory. Also, this paper will provide a comparison on each key elements on sociological theory, biological theory, and psychological theory. In addition, the paper will allow each reader to understand the philosophical basis for each theory. Sociological Theory Sociological theory identifies different social factors that connectsRead MorePersonality, Psychology, And Humanistic Approach1362 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality in a Nutshell Personality is looked at everyday purposely and accidently. Whether you are judging how your new professor for the semester will be, or if you are studying your best friend for a project, personality is studied abundantly. While there are many ways to define personality, there is not a worldwide definition around. Personality is the unique combination of patterns that influence behavior, thought, motivation, and emotion in a human being (boundless.com). That is one of manyRead MorePersonality Is Defined As The Combination Of Characteristics944 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character. The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary, and social learning perspective. This paper will be describing the psychodynamic theory and how its approach signifies one’s perspectiveRead MoreIndividual Differences Among People Are What Defines The Boundaries Of Personality882 Words   |  4 Pagesboundaries of personality. Personality psychology discusses emotionality with general focuses on its involvement with the emotional mind and its portrayal in the outside world. According to the literature, emotionality includes a variety of contexts, almost exclusively referring to the social relationships and maturation of children and adolescents. Often in the discussions on emotionality, there is a connection to the Big Five trait, neuroticism. In this account, a comparative approach to both the

Can An Organ Transplant Change A Recipient s Personality

Can an Organ Transplant Change a Recipient s Personality? There are roughly seven billion people who live on the earth many people are healthy but, there are some who are sick. One of the main surgeries that are needed in the world is organ transplants more than one hundred twenty thousand people in The United States alone need organ transplants. Organ donation is a huge problem around the world, the need for organs is way higher than the organs donated. So, when there is a need greater that what is there that is when the black market comes into play. The black market is a terrible thing people with abducting children just for their organs, which then the black market goes and sells for over one hundred and sixty thousand dollars (Borreli, 2013). Even through all that there are still some people out there who donate their organs to help the people in need. Organ donation might not just be giving the recipients a new organ they might be giving them a new life. All thought there is not a lot of evidence there still quite a bit of it. The cau ses of the phenomenon are that the heart has memory’s stored in the organs, the kidney and liver have had a few cases on this cell memory theory and how does the cell memory theory work. The cell memory theory is still not one hundred percent verified, it is still supported by a handful of scientists and physicians. The cell memory theory works on how the memory of certain things the donor liked or disliked would be stored in the neuronsShow MoreRelatedAbout Face: the Face Transplant Debate6103 Words   |  25 PagesAbout Face: The Face Transplant Debate By Sherri L. Rodney-Kahle HCA 322 Health Care Ethics and Medical Law Professor Dolores Thomas July 13, 2009 About Face – The Great Face Transplant Debate The first successful human organ transplant in the United States was performed on December 23, 1954. On that date, a kidney was successfully transplanted, with the organ donated by a living identical twin of the recipient (Kaserman, 2007). More than fifty years have now passed since that firstRead MoreWilson s Disease : Disease1032 Words   |  5 Pagesare diagnosed with Liver disease first before showing other signs causing doctors to continue testing and alter treatments. Wilson’s disease is named for a British physician named Samuel Alexander Wilson, who as a neurologist found pathological changes in the brain that actually stemmed from problems with the liver. Later, neuropathologist John Cummings looked into the causes of the disease as well. What he found was that the cause was linked to copper, or more precisely too much copper buildingRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay example1453 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking human clones a reality. An ethical basis for the rejection or acceptance of cloning in science can be based around several different theories of morality. Interestingly, those supporting a Utilitarian approach, seeking the greatest good for the greatest number, can be found on both sides of the issue. Some advocates of cloning argue that allowing society to benefit from cloned organs, for example, will outweigh the detrimental consequences of that may result from the abuse of cloning technologyRead MoreDaniel Dennett s Where Am I?1409 Words   |  6 PagesOklahoma. In an effort to preserve Dennett’s brain during the mission, scientists surgically remove it from his body and broadcast all of its outputs via radio. Then they hook Dennett’s body up to respond to the output signals and his nerve/ sensory organs are set up to broadcast back to his brain (in a vat in Houston). In his new life, he experiences minor signal lags and alcohol has lost its intoxicating effects, but apart from that there’s not much difference in experience. Though, once he settlesRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1875 Words   |  8 Pagesto cease their pain and suffering with a painless medication prescribed by a physician when they feel their quality of life has diminished, and is no longer worth living. With this option available, people can exercise their rights over their body and life, die with a sense of dignity, make organs available to patients who need them if it were legal, and it removes the physician from the death directly leaving it to be a personal exit to one’s life. Physician Assisted Suicide is said to violate theRead More Can Cloning and Christianity Coexist Essay3330 Words   |  14 PagesCan Cloning and Christianity Coexist Cloning is an exciting and ongoing field of study with many great possibilities, and negative drawbacks; this leaves many Christians wrestling with the idea of cloning, trying to decide where to stand on, for or against it. To follow, in the paper is an explanation of what cloning is and the uses of cloning at the present and projected in the future. After that the focus will be on the problems with cloning from a non-ethical stance. Finally the issueRead MoreWatching Tv Makes You Smarter -Steven Johnson Essay4824 Words   |  20 Pages24 that would have been unthinkable on prime-time network television 20 years ago. Alongside the notable change in content lies an equally notable change in form. During its 44 minutes -- a real-time hour, minus 16 minutes for commercials -- the episode connects the lives of 21 distinct characters, each with a clearly defined story arc, as the Hollywood jargon has it: a defined personality with motivations and obstacles and specific relationships with other characters. Nine primary narrative threadsRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagessociety, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, educationRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagessociety, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, educationRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesabout our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft

War As A Fundamental Way Of War - 1247 Words

Since the beginning of time, humanity has resorted to war as a fundamental way to settle their differences. Clausewitz described war as the act of force to compel the enemy to do our will. Sun-Tzu believed the purpose of war was to subdue the enemy without fighting. Regardless of the definition, every culture has its motives for why it goes to war and how it should be conducted. Nation states go to war to gain access to new territories and resources, settle religious differences, and defend against a threat or for no other reason than to impose their will on the enemy. To deter war nation-states have used diplomatic means to settle their differences, but when that fails, war follows. When war is declared, the victory goes to the force who can inflict the most casualties at the decisive point. However, in Western culture, there were other contributing factors to claiming victory. The capability of European states to dominate the battlefield was due to their application of the principles of the Western way of war. The Western way of war was built on five principles; the reliance on superior technology, discipline, and training, the means to finance wars, challenge and response and Western military traditions. This essay examines how three principles disciplined soldiers, superior technology, and the financial means to fund armies shaped conflicts throughout western civilization. Disciplined soldiers have always been the center of any military strategy based onShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Civil War1527 Words   |  7 Pagesthe season of their catch, buy or birth. A civil war is a war between sorted out gatherings inside the same state or nation, or, less no rmally, between two nations made from an earlier joined state. The point of one side might be to take control of the nation or an area, to accomplish freedom for a district or to change government arrangements. Slavery and the civil war has been a discussion for many years. People wonder the real cause of the civil war. Verifiably, reading material has taught thatRead MoreThe Fundamental Premises Of Realism And The Peace Through Strength Theory1104 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicated. 1. What are the fundamental premises of Realism and the peace through strength theory? The fundamental premises of realism consist of the five basic tenants of state craft and core assumptions of realism which comes from Morgenthau’s discussion of realism. Those principles are to deflect accountability, project modesty, don’t compromise, cultivate the military, and to maintain an external enemy. 2. What are the criteria for using military force under Just War Doctrine? While there areRead MoreCulture Wars: The Struggle to Define America by James Davison Hunter1287 Words   |  6 Pagescountry. A culture war is a conflict between groups with different ideals, beliefs, and issues. James Davison Hunter’s book, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, shows that these issues â€Å"are not isolated from one another but are part of a fabric of conflict which constitutes nothing short of a struggle over the meaning of America. Unlike the religious and cultural conflict that historically divided the nation, the contemporary culture war is fought along new and, in many ways, unfamiliar lines†Read MoreWar Is The Continuation Of Politics1179 Words   |  5 Pagesto war as a fundamental way to settle their differences. War, per Clausewitz is the act of force to compel the enemy to do our will. Sun-Tzu believed that war was to subdue the enemy without fighting. However it is defined, every culture has its motives for why they go to w ar and how it should be conducted. Western states attempt to settle their differences by diplomatic means; when diplomacy fails, war ensues. War is often used as the means to an end and according to Clausewitz â€Å"war is theRead MoreThe Pennsylvania Nebraska Act, The Missouri Bargain, Or But The Trade Off Of 1850858 Words   |  4 PagesNumerous individuals can contend that the primary driver of the Common War was the Kansas-Nebraska Act, The Missouri Bargain, or even the Trade off of 1850. There are an inexhaustible measure of reasons that individuals can contend how the Common War was begun. What a great many people don t comprehend, that a large portion of the occasions paving the way to the Common War that individuals banter on, were identified with subjection. Subjugation is the act of, or a framework in light of, utilizingRead MoreBorder War By Stanley Harrold1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book Border War, Stanley Harrold specifically searches the ideas of social clash es between the North and South before the civil war actually began. Harrold s research solely states the history leading up to the war, which clearly emphasizes the role of slavery and its importance in the history. Stanley Harrold stresses the real challenge of slavery especially in the south and in areas in which it did not exist. According to the book, Harrold specifically states that the U.S had a problemRead More The Concept of Power in International Politics Essay829 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence or control, has been a dominant concept that is intertwined in discussion when it comes to the study of international politics. Before getting into the fundamental nature of power in international relations, it is needed to consider just what power is. Power in the study of international politics can be derived in several ways as a goal of states or individual; as a measure of influence or control over actors, events, outcomes, and international affairs; as reflecting triumph in c onflictRead MoreThe American Way Of War Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' B3 The American â€Å"way of war† is primarily based on the American interpretation of the national fundamentals and values to include capitalism and basic freedoms surrounding financial enterprising as applied in the democratic system. Along with these ideals concerning free marketing and democracy, the American â€Å"way of war† seeks to reinforce alliances with nations that uphold similar concepts and values through international trade and commerce. In doing so, the United States intrinsically denouncesRead MoreEssay Bushs War On Terror and the Erosion of Civil Liberties643 Words   |  3 PagesBushs War On Terror and the Erosion of Civil Liberties Nearly all the amendments in the Bill of Rights have been reduced since the beginning of the war. The fourth through eighth amendments have been especially hit hard by this â€Å"war.† Search seizure, due process, a speedy and public trial with a jury, and cruel unusual punishment have all been disregarded as part of the current administration’s policy. The â€Å"War On Terror† has effectively eroded the civil liberties that Americans foughtRead MoreThe Rise Of Drug Prohibition975 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussion on alternatives to prohibition. Legalizing all drugs would be a better alternative than perpetuating the failed war on drugs. The drug war has negatively impacted many lives by demonizing users and corrupting public officials. Criminalizing alcohol did not work in the 1920s and the same thing is true today about illicit drugs. Prohibition has stripped away a fundamental right we should have in a free society, and that is the right to consume whatever you want as an adult. The choice to consume

Symbolism in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry - 918 Words

Symbolism in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry Kevin Hardy Jr. English 215 Dr. Maxwell Poems have many different interpretations, but let it be known that different people could see poems in many different ways. In Emily Dickinson’s poetry, she uses interpretations that refer back to mortality because of her past experiences throughout life that influenced her to write. But, there are other hidden facts that you would be able to see Dickinson’s poems, she uses symbolism of immortality, death, sorrow and personification throughout the three poems that I will be discussing in the following paragraphs. She describes each meaning to only symbolize one thing and without reading the whole poem one would not be able to notice this. But, I will†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I like to see it lap the Miles-â€Å" And lick the Valleys up- And stop to feed itself at Tanks And then-prodigious step† (1145) As the reader reads the first stanza, there is a slight misunderstanding. In my eyes it seems as if the object described if free like an immortal, free to do anything it wants. But at the same time Dickinson’s poem seems to have a greater point. There are key words like â€Å"prodigious,† â€Å"around,† and â€Å"supercilious† that shows the reader that immortality can not be the sole purpose of this poem. Dickinson is metaphorically comparing how a horse is like a train. â€Å"And lick the Valleys up-† â€Å"In Shanties-by the sides of Roads-† â€Å"Then chase itself down Hill-† â€Å"Stop-docile and omnipotent At its own stable door-† (1145-1146) Dickinson uses these metaphors using the horse to make it look like a train, which the reader finds out that the animal that Dickinson is referring to is a horse after the last stanza is read. In Emily Dickinson’s poetry, she uses interpretations that refer back to mortality because of her past experiences throughout life that influenced her to write. Dickinson had three specific poems that stood out in my eyes that spoke on immortality the most, 465, 585 and 712. Although Dickinson focused on immortality and it seemed as if that is what she was talking about in every poem, in paragraph three it was proven that Dickinson’s poems can be mischievous, and in the reader’s eyes mean somethingShow MoreRelated Literary Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poetry Essays1053 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson is one of the most famous authors in American History, and a good amount of that can be attributed to her uniqueness in writing. In Emily Dickinsons poem Because I could not stop for Death, she characterizes her overarching theme of Death differently than it is usually described through the poetic devices of irony, imagery, symbolism, and word choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson likes to use many different forms of poetic devicesRead MoreConsidered As One Of America’S Most Famous Poets, Emily1430 Words   |  6 PagesConsidered as one of America’s most famous poets, Emily Dickinson wrote a variety of poetry throughout her adulthood. Yet, she failed to gain literary notice during her own lifetime (â€Å"Biography of Emily Dickinson†). Her vast ambiguity as a poet was not because of lackluster poems, however, she failed to publish nearly all of the eighteen hundred poems she had written before her death on May 15th, 1886 (â€Å"Biography†). Left to rot, Dickinson’s poems lay hidden until their final discovery by her sisterRead MoreEmily Dickinson: An American Poet1793 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Dickinson is one of the most influential American authors, whose works transformed the way people view poetry and female authors. Her exceedingly complex life has proved a tremendous influence on h er instrumental poetry, creating its originality and distinguishing her from other great poets of the nineteenth century. As well, her use of symbolism and imagery has continued to make her work celebrated. Although Emily Dickinson lived a private and reclusive life, full of death among many closeRead MoreEssay about Nature in the Works of Emily Dickinson1368 Words   |  6 Pagesand stability in the human minds. Emily Dickinson is a naturalist poet that she wants the world to know that peace does exist in the human world and she wants to tell the world. Dickinsons poems are mostly written by nature, love, and death according to Anna Dunlap in her analysis. Dickinsons sister, Lavinia, is the one who published Dickinsons work, on her first attempt the editor that was responsible was taking her sweet time. This editor had Dickinsons work for two years so Lavinia decidedRead MoreEmily Dickinsons Obsession with Death Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinsons Obsession with Death Emily Dickinsons obsession with death has puzzled scholars for many decades. If a reader wanted to, he could put every one of Emily Dickinsons nearly 2,000 poems and letters (so many that later, they were assigned numbers for easier organization) into 4 categories: Love, death, pain and the self. The poems about death are the most captivating and puzzling, The poems that issue from this spiritual exercise are among her most impressive, (Cunningham 45)Read MoreEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesMohammed Horieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was theRead MoreEmily Dickinson Research Paper984 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Salvucci Mrs. Comeau English 10 Honors Death, Pain, and the Pursuit of Peace Although Emily Dickinson’s poetry is profoundly insightful, her poems have a very confinedpan of subjects and themes. Most likely due to her early life and social reclusion, Dickinson’s poetry is limited to three major subjects: death, pain, and on a somewhat lighter note, nature. Dickinson’s poetry is greatly influenced by her early life as she led an extremely secluded and pessimisticlife. In her early adultRead MoreEmily Dickin sons Capitalization and Punctuation1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe poetry of Emily Dickinson is one of the most recognizable of the 19th century. Dickinson’s poetry stands out because of its unconventional use of capitalization and punctuation. Her poems contain capitalized words which are not normally capitalized. Her poems are noted for the frequent use of the dash. Literary scholars have attempted to interpret Dickinson’s unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Some believe that it was merely part of Dickinson’s penmanship (Weisbuch 73). They thereforeRead MoreEmily Dickinson Research Paper1928 Words   |  8 Pages Dickinson Research Paper Emily Dickinson is one of the most influential poets of all time, and has a unique way of using literal imagery to paint a picture in the readers mind. The best poets are those that excel at using their words to create clear, concrete images and intrigue their reader. Dickinson began writing poetry around the year 1855, and prospered for another 10 years. Some of her most famous poems include â€Å"I Taste a liquor Never Brewed†, â€Å"Success is Counted Sweetest†, and â€Å"Wild nightsRead MoreEmily Dickinson’s Imagery and Symbolic Creations592 Words   |  2 PagesDickinson’s Imagery and Symbolic Creations In many of Emily Dickinson’s pieces of poetry that she has created are notoriously known for being very innovative of all poetry. Emily the author of the poems, â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† and â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I Died† is made very vivid and extraordinary to the reader with the amount of symbolism and imagery she uses. Imagery used inside of Dickinson’s poems create a bigger picture in the readers minds that let them almost feel some of

Problem Solving Quantitative Analysis for Business

Questions: 1. Clearly distinguish in your own words among the features of the three approaches to Under what circumstances would each type be more appropriate than the others? 2. A recent road safety study found that in 77% of all accidents the driver was wearing a Accident reports indicated that 92% of those drivers escaped serious injury (defined as hospitalisation or death), but only 63% of the non-belted drivers were so fortunate. What is the probability that a driver who was seriously injured was not wearing seatbelt? (Use the decision tree method to obtain your answer.) 3. The aptitude test scores of applicants to a university graduate program are normally distributed with mean 500 and standard deviation If the university wishes to set the cut-off score for graduate admission so that only the top 10 percent of applicants qualify for admission, what is the required cut-off score? What percentage of applicants have test scores within two standard deviations of the mean? 4. For the following discuss whether a sample or a census would be Indicate any assumptions you make: An examination of dwellings in a large city to obtain information about the extent of present home insulation and the costs to bring substandard dwellings up to minimum insulation standards. 5. Comment on the veracity of the following .statements: a. The Central Limit Theorem is the cornerstone of statistical estimation. b. The overriding factor in determining sample size is the requirement for precision in estimates of population 6. Explain the difference between sampling error and non-sampling Briefly describe three types of non-sampling error. 7. How large a sample is needed so that a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of years of attained education has a margin of error equal to one year? Answers: 1. The three different probability approaches are The Classical Approach The Frequency Approach The Axiomatic Approach Probability theory is based on the concept of randomness, i.e. the random experiment. In random experiment the toatal number of all possible cases is defined as the sample space. and the total number of events favourable to be be counted before calculating probability. Therefore the required Classical definition of probability = Total number of all possible cases favourable to event E / Total number of all possible cases. The Frequency Approach to probability is a simpler approach. The probability is to be calculated for the event A (Barnett, 1999). Suppose the whole population cannot be the sample space to calculate this probability. Then from a specified sample we calculate the probability fuction Therefore by the frequency approach Probability function of the event E = Total number of cases that have that particular criterion(Here E)/ Total number of sample cases The Axiomatic Approch uses axioms to define probability. The Axiomatic probability has mainly three axioms. Any function satisfying the three axioms is called the probability function if P(A) 0, considering any event A P() = 1, this will be the case for all sure events where is a sure event. Suppose A1 and A2 are two events which are mutually exclusive then P(A1 U A2) =P(A1)+P(A2) , this will be the case for all mutually exclusive events. Generally the classical definition is used in games of cards, dice and coins which are not very related to day to day life. Moreover classical definition cannot be applied if the events are not equally likely and the number of events are not finite. The Frequency approach to probability has many practical uses and can be used in studies where data is collected by sampling. The Axiomatic approach is combination of both the approaches, better to say both the classical and frequency approaches can be fitted in the axiomatic approach. The axiomatic approach helps probability theory to grow further because from the formulas based on the axioms probaility theory has invented new ideas. 2. The given probabilities are placed in the decision tree Here we have to calculate the posterior probability =P(driver not wearing seatbelt/ Driver was seriously injured) (From the bayes theorem ) = .37*.23 = .0851 3. Here X is the marks of an aptitude test for applicants in a university. Given X ~ N(500,60) The university wants only the top 10 percent pf the applicants for selection. From the table of the Z score it is seen that at 10% i.e. at .01 the Z score is 1.28 Since we calculated it for standard normal, to return to the normal , the equation used is X = Z.à Ã‚ ± + = 500 + 1.28*60 = 576.80 4. From the given information about the population it is seen that the sample units are dwellings of a large city. Therefore the population size is big and also it quite a labourious job to inspect all the dwellings individually. Therefore a sample from the population can be more useful because it would reduce the cost of the survey and also reduce the time of the survey. If a proper sampling plan is selected it would further improve the accuracy of the results because cencus being a lenghty processcan loose track and therfore provide faulty results. A stratified random sampling can be used in this case, the whole city must be divided into stratas for example simple stratas like north, south , east and west and then simple random sampling can be conducted from those stratas (Blank, 1968). 5) a. The Central Limit theorem forms the basis of Statistical Inference. The main basis of the central limit theorem is when the sample size is large then a set of i.i.d r.vs with mean and standard deviation can be approximated by the normal distribution. Although the original distribution may vary from normal But by CLT it assumes Normality. The normal distribution is one of the most important distributions in statistics (especially for continuous data) and because of its extensive usage many statistical inference is dependent on the normal assumption. The central limit theorem makes the way for different data sets to approximately assume normal distribution as the properties of normal distribution are very useful for further inferencial refernce. If the central limit theorem was not formulated then many hypothesis problems would have never existed (Lewis-Beck, 1993). Therefore the contribution of the central limit theorem cannot be denied for statistics and therefore it is termed as the cornerstone of statistical estimation. b. By precision we measure how much the original value of the statistic is approximated by the estimated statistic. Calculation of precision is very important to judge how much error is shown by the statistic. Precision can be the value of 1 divided by the standard error. Therefore if precision of the estimates needs to be improved by a certain rate then the sample size must also be increased by that rate. Now the overiding factor for estimatimg sample size includes the standard error and the margin of error and on the basis of these factors the required sample size is generated, therefore these factors are required for the calculation of sample size with proper precision. 6. Sampling error occurs only in case of sampling and non sampling method occurs both in case of sampling and census. Sampling is a probabilistic method and therefore the problems are related to those methods like wrong sample selection and wrong sample selection whereas non sampling errors include major and basic problems of sampling like design of data, data collection , therefore nonsampling error being both common to sampling and census. The first kind of nonsampling errors occur due to improper planning like lack of eligible investigators, improper data collection methods and faulty data designing. The second kind of nonsampling error occur due to faulty response like respondent manipulating answers, lack of memory, misunderstanding in part of the respondant and prestige issues e.t.c. and also due to non response. The third kind of nonsampling error occur due to errors in coverage, error in compilation of data and improper data placement by the investigator. 7. Here X = mean number of years of attained education We want to estimate the sample size for the mean number of years. Let us assume that the standard deviation be s. The margin of error is given as 1. Here confidence level is 95% and critical value for 95% is 1.96 and by the help of this critical value the standard deviation is to be calculated. Finally the required sample size = 4*s2/12 References Barnett, V. (1999). Comparative statistical inference. Chichester: Wiley. Blank, S. (1968). Descriptive statistics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Lewis-Beck, M. (1993). Regression analysis. London: Sage Publications.

Business and Corporation Law Enforceable Law

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporation Law for Enforceable Law. Answer: Introduction In 1995, As per Tillotson, the contract whether it is written or verbal, it is an understanding which hosts been made between the gatherings which must be enforceable by the law. The contract has its three parts: consideration, offer, and acceptance, out of which the word consideration is the key part of the contract as said in the Blacks Law of Dictionary that the consideration is the legal part which makes the contract enforceable by law. As per The Blacks' Law of Dictionary, the gatherings or the substances those are going to make a lawful activity between them then the thought is the part that ties them legitimately. In the case of a return promise, the promisor is the person who has to receive the thing, and the promisee is the person who is going to give the thing in which the consideration part binds the promisor and the promisee legally (Abril, 2016). In 2015, Julie Clarke said that the consideration is the particular amount in against of the words regarding anything or topic or anything else. Or in simpler words, it can be said that the person who receives something has to pay against it are the legal words of consideration. in case of Chapell v. Nestle, Lord Somervell held that the consideration is the action or the process of law where there are terms and conditions and which are to be followed by the parties, and those terms must be finalized by the receiver who has to give or pay in return to the action (Campbell Boothby, 2016). So the word consideration can also be said as the amendment of two or more entities or parties legally. 1(a). Till now it is clear that the consideration part of the contract is the key or the vital part of it which binds the parties legally. Unmistakably the thought has nothing to do with the giving of the blessing or any unnecessary thing which has been depicted obviously in the Blacks' Law of Dictionary seventh Edition furthermore portrayed by Garner, B.A in 1999. The things that are to be given to the receiver in terms of gift or any gratuitous thing that cannot be taken into the action of contract and also that cannot get enforceable by the law. The gifts or any gratuitous thing does not come under any law. As per the case of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co Limited, the Queen, 86 D. T. C 6244, where the Court of Appeal of Canada said that on the off chance that somebody is giving anything as any blessing or unwarranted thing then he or she is not being permitted to expect or make any sort of move that will prompt the individual advantage until and unless there has been any lawfu l documentation (Jones, 2015). As there is an instance of the case, where Jane is a character who is having a Lotus Super 7 Sports car which when she is going overseas wants to give the car to one of his friend Jack as a gift which Jack has accepted (Halliday, 2015). Jack has accepted the gift given by Jane as in the terms of gift or any gratuitous thing so here doesnt come any part of the consideration in between them. 1(b). The second case of the case says that a Lotus Super 7 Sports Car has a place with Jane. Jane offered the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car to his companion Jack to offer with a measure of $25000, which is the business sector cost of that sort of vehicle. As the price is being negotiated between Jane and him, so Jack as the receiver is aware of it and also agrees to pay the fixed amount to Jane against the offered item. So the terms required for the contract as per the consideration is being fulfilled which says that the person who is offering the thing is the one who will send the consideration as here Jane is doing. It is additionally said that if any sum is left to be given as any obligation then, the thought won't be satisfied as on account of Jack such issues are not there (Harrington, 2016). According to law, the thought is acknowledged when it is given by the offeree to the collector which happened on account of Jane and Jack. 1(c). The third occasion of the case comes where Jane offered the auto to Jack for offering reason. Here in the situation, the case is that the understanding that has been made amongst Jane and Jack is the cost of the auto that is altered, is not exactly the present cost of the business sector. Now in the case of Chapell v. Nestle, the ruling says that the consideration of the peppercorn is fulfilled when the promisor makes the stipulation under the law. Though, Trietel in 2003 says that the adequacy is the vital part of the thought. To explain it more lets take examples, the commodity with price $50000 to be sold and according to the consideration, the price has to be set at $20000 by the seller (Lawrence Wright, 2015). In the event that such thing happens the value that has been altered won't give off an impression of being satisfactory yet then again if the merchant acknowledges such condition then further he or she won't be permitted to ask or bring up any issue. Gordon in 1989 expressed that the gathering has its opportunity of making the agreement upon their particular terms. That is why the sufficiency part is very important as the third has no rights upon it when the two parties making contract are agreed upon the agreement (Miller, 2016). As on account of Thomas v. Thomas, $1 must be paid every month for rent according to the thought which was not important. Again Chapell v. Nestle case says that apart from adequacy sufficiency is more important. As it is said that the chocolate wrappers also gives the value to the person who provides them which indicates that the consideration is measured subjectively. Like Thomas v. Thomas case for consideration says the love and affection exclude from the eyes of law in case of consideration (McReardon, 2015). The instance of Tweddle v Atkinson [1861] EWHC OB J57 says the thought ought to originate from the offeree as it were. The inclusion of the gathering out in the open obligation can't partake in thought which is said by Collin v Godfrey in (1831) 1B and Ad 950. Still, v Myrrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 says that the gathering including in the legally binding act are likewise not considered in the thought. Along these lines, this is last that the sum that was settled between two $2500 is important before the law, which Jack needs to provide for Jane as a piece of thought. 2. At the point when the lawful activity between the elements comes, that additionally relies on numerous elements. Like in the example of a ship building is taken, like Kull said in 1992, the price to be paid for the obligations first needs to be agreed. As the instance of Paradine v. Jane (1647) Aleyn 26 says that when the gathering who is making the agreement takes a charge to make a thing decent, then it needs to do the things well or else it is in charge of the example that it has been fizzled according to the agreement (Scheuer, 2015). Likewise if the gathering required in the assentation makes an agreement, then it naturally takes the charge upon itself. On the off chance that the case of Krell v. Henry (1903 2 K.B 740) is taken, the case has the same occurrence as specified. The case of Chandler v.Webster (1904) 1 K.B 493 states that there is a certain fall in a loss. In the event that inadvertently a few circumstances happened like the dropping of the estimation of the dolla r which went outside the ability to control of the agreement. If the situation happens and the work will continue then, the loss will happen which gives rise to the doctrine of frustration. The doctrine of frustration is been found by the legislation of Australia (Adams et al., 2015). On the off chance that the misfortune happens by any methods inadvertently then the harm will be completely on the entertainer. As the doctrine of frustrations say that when the parties face such type of un-favourable situation, then loses will be shared equally by both the parties. So sharing the loss can be said to be the law of doctrine of Frustration. As on account of Chappell v. Settle expresses that the shipbuilder has a privilege to request the augmentation cash to profit adequate for the thought. Likewise, it is said that if the purchaser purchases from the merchant, the interest for the additional expense should be possible as the repayment of the half cost of the wholesome sum should be possi ble. In 1979, Anderson expressed for the tenet of dissatisfaction, that both of the gatherings has no rights, or they can't meddle in the adjusted terms of the assenting done (Monaghan, 2015). Different laws are there which additionally says to sue the other individual by the collector if fundamental, for getting the sum required for the remuneration which is some sum additional for what is said. The whole of the law as said earlier is that if the party takes a charge upon it and will make the contract, then it has to make everything good by its action and also they do not have any choice left with them. For example, if everything starts working in an opposite direction, they are the only person who will be responsible for everything and then they have to take care of the losses. In this instance, the law of doctrine of frustration arises which gives some peace to the parties that are involved in the contract as it has said to divide the extra dollars that have to be used at the tim e of loss. Hence, both the parties and entities will have to share the increased amount (McReardon, 2015). If this law had not been there then unnecessarily the parties which are involved in the act of contract for the business, unfortunately, had to face many difficulties in the business making. So the reality of the matter is that the cruelty is constantly condemned which in the end with the developing time had brought forth the law of convention of disappointment which has been pronounced by the enactment of Australia. Reference Abril, P.S., 2016. Reimagining the Group Project for the Business Law Classroom.Journal of Legal Studies Education,33(2), pp.235-262. Campbell, E. and Boothby, C., 2016. University law clinics as alternative business structures: more questions than answers? Edited by Francis King. The Law Teacher,50(1), pp.132-137. Jones, L., 2015.Introduction to business law. Oxford University Press, USA. Halliday, T.C., 2015.Transnational legal orders. Cambridge University Press Harrington, M.V., 2016. BGEN 361.02: Principles of Business Law. Lawrence, R. and Wright, M., 2015. The Current Role of Business Law in the Accounting Curriculum.Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 15(7), p.86. Miller, R.L., 2016.Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning. Mikami, K., 2016. Cooperatives, Transferable Shares, and a Unified Business Law.Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics,87(3), pp.365-390. McAdams, T., Neslund, N., Zucker, K.D. and Neslund, K., 2015.Law, business, and society. McGraw-Hill Education. Monaghan, C., 2015.Beginning Business Law. Routledge. Reardon, K.A., 2015. Computerized Writing Assessment Technology: Business Law Students Weigh in on its Use in the College Classroom for Developing Workplace-ready Writing.Computers and Composition,38, pp.32-44. Scheuer, L.M., 2015. The'Legal'Marijuana Industry's Challenge for Business Entity Law.William Mary Business Law Review,6, p.511.

The Path to Peace Begins with Me free essay sample

When considering the most influential and inspirational people in the world, Martin Luther King Jr. Indeed comes to mind. Respectably, he is possibly the greatest leader due to his prominent role as a civil rights activist and advocacy for peace. His character embodied the most important qualities such as righteousness, courage, compassion, and virtuousness. Throughout his life, he faced obstacles such as prejudice, racism, and other social challenges. Despite risks and anything stacked against him, he persevered through the hardships and has left an unprecedented mark on the world. Undoubtedly, he earned the Nobel Peace Prize. His work included many movements toward civil rights including boycotts, marches, speeches, and other means of peaceful protest. Notably, his most famous speech I Have a Dream discussed the segregation in America and the need for equality and unity among all citizens. Regardless of all of the hate in the world, he put himself in danger for the better of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Path to Peace Begins with Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was these ideals and values that have led him to have an everlasting legacy. To practice nonviolent morals and taking a stance for change allowed those alongside him to effectively reach unimaginable heights to be heard. Without their efforts, todays world would not be the same. With Martin Luther Kings extraordinary achievements to revolutionize civil rights, he may serve as an optimal example for those to carry on the journey for combating all injustices. Understanding the difficulties he faced and impact on the world further inspires me to believe in the unobtainable. I would like to challenge myself to always choose peace as an option and carry out the morals Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. has desired and strived for. He alone may not have been able to accomplish all of the work he was able to complete. It was with the help of those who agreed with him to aid in his cause. Therefore, a path to peace should be a common goal for all.

Wars And Stones Essays - The Wars, Stones, Horror, World War I

Wars And Stones Everyone is faced with struggles in life, whether physical or emotional. These struggles inevitably shape an individual's personality and outlook on life. Timothy Findley's novels, The Wars and Stones, suggest that the consequences of struggles in life result in a journey of self- discovery. War exists in the character's physical and psychological accounts of the horror of life. In the novel The Wars, Robert Ross actually goes to war and fights in World War I . In the novel Stones, Minna Joyce encounters a war in her life as a child, trying to survive on the streets. These physical encounters with war lead to a psychological change in the characters and their perception of living. Robert and Minna's experiences make them want to escape and help others overcome the terrible war, in their own lives. Furthermore, experiencing these struggles leads to the character's ultimate realization and self-discovery of life and of themselves. The horrors of war which Robert endures are instrumental in his psychological change. Minna's experiences in life, in death and her internal struggles, lead her on a journey of self-discovery. In the novel The Wars, Robert Ross is a sensitive nineteen year old boy who experiences first-hand the horrors of battle as a Canadian Soldier in the First World War. Being named a Lieutenant shortly after arriving in Europe, Robert is thrust into combat. While advancing to the front with his troops Robert witnesses his first images of the brutality of war: He was taking his troops to the front and they were walking along a road that had been shelled and there was a soldier lying dead by the road whose head had been smashed. It was an awful shock. The first dead man he'd seen. (The Wars 99) Robert has not yet experienced anything that could prepare him for the conditions he faces. In 2 this instance, Robert experiences brutality for the first time, in the form of a dead body which has been gruesomely wounded. The shock of seeing a dead body can be very disturbing to any individual, and not even an experienced veteran could be prepared for the horrific sight Robert endures here. Minna Joyce, a writer in the novel Stones, also experiences and reacts to the horrors of life. Minna's war is not like the World War in which Robert participates, but is a struggle with everyday life in the large city of Toronto. Minna witnesses horrific sights on Queen Street: ... with all its resident rubbies and gentle crazies, dressed in all weathers in their summer coats .... ..... and their eyes as crafty and innocent all at once as the eyes of bears.... (Stones 11) Minna Joyce experiences the harsh reality of individuals who have nothing, and are forced to live on the streets of downtown Toronto. Minna was brought up in an area of the city inhabited by many homeless people, or?artists?as she calls them, a little less horrifying. The thought of having to watch the people suffer is horrifying to her. The war of life is apparent in the challenges that both Minna and Robert are faced with in their lives. One of the most notable events which Robert faces is trench warfare during the First World War. After being sent away with a small battalion to begin the digging of another trench, Robert comes back to the front to find the trench destroyed and his comrades dead. When they made their way back through the trench there was nothing left alive. They had all been gassed or had frozen to death. Those who lay in water were profiled in ice. Everything was green: their faces ? and their fingers ? and their buttons and the snow. (The Wars 146) 3 In this situation, Robert witnesses many of the horrific ways in which soldiers were killed during the First World War. Snow and the bitterly cold weather attributed to many Canadian soldiers' deaths during World War One, and nearly one thousand men died from frost bite alone. The sight of his friends frozen dead in the water is terrifying, and to look down and see another soldier in the ice with his entire body green is a gruesome image. One of the most popular and deadly tactics used by the Germans during World War One was chlorine gas, which Robert was lucky to survive. He is subjected to the poison when it was sent up into the atmosphere which produced huge masses of chlorine gas clouds. These clouds made their way across

CONTRASY BETWEEN LEONARDO DA VINCI ARISTOTLE Essay Example

CONTRASY BETWEEN LEONARDO DA VINCI ARISTOTLE Essay I believe that Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci led similar lives. They both sought for knowledge and studied similar topics. I think that both were renaissance men, as it would be described in Leonardos day. This refers to the fact that both men studied a variety of subjects. I believe both men were ahead of their time, and I think both men made differences in our time. Both mean were very similar, but came from two different time periods. In my attempt to summarize these to fascinating lives, I hope you can depict some links both professionally and personally between them. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, the modern Starro on the northern cost of Aegean. (work cited book 1, pg.13)The new generation wanted to forget the past and strive for a better future. His father Nicomchus, was a doctor. Aristotle learned earlyfirst aid techniques. This training could have contributed to Aristotles special interest in biology. When Aristotle was ten his father died. His guardian then be came Proxenus, his uncle. (w.c.b. 1, pg.14) In 367, when Aristotle was 17, Proxenus sent him to the Academy of Plato in Athens to study. (w.c.b. 2, pg. 1819) Plato became almost a father figure to Aristotle. Plato was an aristocrat with literary, political, and intellectual learning. Socartes influenced him. When Aristotle arrived at the Academy he was not the best looking man. He was bald, with small eyes and skinny legs. (w.c.b. 2, pg. 1) he made up for his looks with good dress. He wore a cloak, sandals, and rings on his fingers. The Academy was a training group for political politics. (w.c.b. 1, pg. 16) Aristotle was a brilliant student. At the Academy Plato nicknamed him The Brain and The Reader. (w.c.b.1, pg.20) Aristotle once during his time at the Academy, won recognition for one of Platos smartest students. Aristotle began to shift his ideas away from Platos. He became more interes

Monitoring and Evaluations in Development

Monitoring and Evaluations in Development When management of certain programs establishes them, they need to make a follow up that ensures that there is compliance with the set standards and expectations of the project (Vaagaasar, 2009). Project management involves the process through which a project is established, implemented, monitored, evaluated, and any adjustments made to the system to attain its set goals and objectives (Livingston, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Monitoring and Evaluations in Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Oxfam being an international federation of fifteen organizations working in 98 countries need to have a strong monitoring and evaluation team to handle its large volume of work and projects. Currently Oxfam has entered into a contact with Dak Nong Doet that seeks to improve the province’s education quality delivery, the project focuses on teachers, pupils, ministry of education and training, and teacher s. To ensure that the goals of the project have been attained, Oxfam needs to have an effective monitoring and evaluation program. This paper discusses the role that monitoring and evaluation plays in an organization and gives recommendations on the best approach that the organization can adopted for effective monitoring of Dak Nong Doet education project. The nature of Oxfam projects Oxfam is an international recognized NGO that establishes various programs targeting different needs within the society especially in rural development areas, poverty reduction programs, hungers and other such programs that needs fast and effective attention. There are different projects that the international organization manages and their nature and approach always vary with the intended outcome. Projects may take the form of civil society developments, ethnic minority issues address, and focus on girl and boy child, addiction programs, and women empowerments. One of the most renown program that Oxfa m has undertaken successfully is the education system where it aims at improving education for the less fortunate in communities; the main focus of these programs are the disadvantaged areas like third world countries, disaster stricken areas among other areas that need arises (Long and Plosser, 1983). In the past few years, the main focus that the company has had is to improve education in Tra, Vinh, Lao Cai and Dak Nong provinces where the main focus has been girl child programs; when dealing with the projects, the company has its main focus on the school, the child and the ministry as they are players in the segment for an effective implementation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the same years, the organization has been advocating for the expansion of its programs or models through Ministry of Education and Training (Posond, 2008). The next coming years, th e organization is focusing on building effective governance in education in Vietnam where it will have the main focus on the teachers, school managers, pupils, and education representatives in all level of education (Marcus, 2010). Oxfam has signed a performance contract with Dak Nong Doet where it aims at promoting social accountability in the provinces education sector; with the project that has its own objectives, the organization need to have an effective Monitoring and Evaluation in Development programs. The Monitoring and Evaluation in Development needs to address all areas of the program failure to which it will mean that the projects will not take shape and objectives will not be attained (Walkenbach, 1997). Monitoring and Evaluation in Development Project management evaluation stage has the following roles to play in the entire project management: A project can be defined as a designated ally of tasks that aims at accomplishing a certain task within an organization; it has a period, expected expenditure, expected outcome, and a work framework or schedule; in every stage of the project, there are certain measures that needs to be considered to ensure that the project is running smoothly. Oxfam project evaluation should address all risky areas and ensure that correct measures have been taken to adhere to the set objectives and goals (Newbold,1998). In a nutshell Monitoring and Evaluation in Development has the following main objectives to attain alongside the projects main objectives:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Monitoring and Evaluations in Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More to plan, organize and control activities: this is to ensure that the set level of operation is maintained in time, costs, and the expected delivery time Manage activities and organize resources (both human and physical) for the project. This ensures that the human capital that is involved in the pro jects fits their roles and they do not get higher or lower gains from the projects. The nature of Oxfam projects is that a person can get direct benefit from the project at the expense of the larger population; such moves should be controlled by Monitoring and Evaluation programs (Pons, 2008) putting all the logistics of a project into place so that there will be full attainment of project goals and objectives: the engagement that Oxfam has entered with Dak Nong Doet should be looked into to ensure that both parties to the program adhere to what they had promised each other; when such moves have been taken then the goals of the project will be attained effectively Ensuring that the project is accomplished in time with the available resources and if possible have some new strategies of completion of tasks that is better than the original plan. Dak Nong Doet and Oxfam project has some probable risks that the organization’s monitoring and evaluation programs should address befo re they limit the attainment of the entire project. The adoption and deployment of the Oxfam-Dak Nong Doet education system involves great risks, primarily due to the vast initial costs, high over-budget ratio, chances low success rate, failure to meet the project goals, and partial attainment of the initially set implementation. Furthermore, initiation costs are typically greater than a tailored integration plan but maintenance and modification costs of post-implementation are lower; Dak Nong Doet and Oxfam decided to have an approach that not only sees Dak Nong Doet students attain good education but one that ensures continuity and maintenance of the project. McComb, Kennedy, Green and Compton (2008) creates an evaluation framework regarding the main issues encountered in the rural development programs and the related costs and benefits; the study has emphasized the requirements of a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of; the writer also suggest that evaluation and monitoring should try to assess attempts of incorporating intangibles into conventional cost-benefit analysis. It is proposed that decision making should be based on scoring methods, cost/benefit analysis, risk analysis and ranking. However, some scholars argue that scoring and ranking techniques are straightforward but insufficient due to the project interdependence. Cost/benefit and risk analysis methods are insufficient either for the interrelated criteria (McComb, Kennedy, Green and Compton, 2008). The concept of Monitoring and Evaluation as should be adopted by Oxfam and Dak Nong Doet project The main aim that the monitoring and evaluation of the program focus on is the development of leaders and managers who can be relied upon to see the entire project come to pass effectively; the leaders should assume the role of planning and making responsive decisions that will see the program come to pass effectively, at any one point the programs should ensure that the programs reach majority of p opulation living in poverty and to sustain the change over a period of time. The Oxfam and Dak Nong Doet project monitoring and evaluation programs should consider the authenticity of policies, strategies and programs for both quantitative and qualitative change; this will facilitate the existence of equal resources distribution and ensuring that the target group get the benefits as had been anticipated.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The programs should embrace high levels of transparency, accountability and high performance as it can only be through such policies that it can succeed and the people targeted by various projects benefit. With an effective monitoring and evaluation standards, the organization will be assured that its funds address issues in the society and they remain sustainable as the company would have wanted them to be. Data collection methods for the evaluation When a project is running, there are checks and balances that should be implemented to offer red flags in the case the set objectives and pathways as has been laid are not adhered to. Project managers have the mandate of ensuring that there are effective internal controls that address any chances of risk; to collect data on the progress and the steps to make the following are effective method of monitoring and evaluation data collection; Use efficient test-run reports Before implementation and after implementation of a project, a Oxfam should be taking an appropriate research on what the world is going through and make relevant reports that can aid in the management of the project; it should be in touch with the occurrences in the project area and other areas of the economy. It is important to consider the following key report types: Single-page project report: this is a short report that offers a single but direct grasp of the project. It should be summarized to offer an overview of what the project if like and how it is expected to be; when there is an observable disparity between what is on paper and what can be observed on the ground Budgetary information: it provides room for an aggregate roll-up on budgetary status; the main issue is to ensure there are resources for every project Project dashboard: they have one-lie simplified reports on execution level and the progress of the project. Resource allocation view: a comparison of the current available resources and their chances of availability in the next 12 months Strategic alignment: reports that align the entire project with the role and goals of an organization. Flexible pivot table capabilities: it uses drag-and-drop pivot table-style analysis to offer management platform of answering certain questions pertaining the project as they arise. Conduct postmortems To manage effectively projects, managers need to have an ongoing budgetary and analyzing method; they should never assume that since the project has been well planned; then that is the end of the story, they should understand that there are changes that might affect the project negatively thus they need to be checked effectively. A constant review of the budget, periods and the final periodical results will assist project managers keep the project on its toes. There are some changes that are expected to be observed in a project as it develop, they include an improvement on the lives of the children and the general school environment. To have the data, the monitoring and eval uation team should undertake regular surveys on the area of implementation the surveys should look into the expected result after certain duration and compare the same with the on paper or the project blue print expectation, in the case there is some disparity they should be addressed effectively (Kumar, 2005). Recommendation for an effective Monitoring and Evaluation program for Oxfam and Dak Nong Doet project Oxfam and Dak Nong Doet project should adopt computer aiding monitoring and evaluation systems supported by qualitative and quantitative data from the field; the systems can be in-house developed or they can be sourced from commercial markets, in whichever the way that they have been attained, and then the system should be responsive to the needs of the projects. They need to have the capacity of interpolating of different issues and information then give the desired response to the managers for effective decision-making. The operators of computer aided project developments s hould have a good understanding of how the system works as well as understand the various logistics that are involved in the project at hand, it is by doing so that appropriate mechanism can be adopted (Shane, 2003). An effective computer aiding monitoring and evaluation is likely to address the following areas: Project evaluation process or methodology: give a framework of the pathway that the project should follow Cost and benefits measurement: evaluate the benefits and gains that every stage in the project is leading to a dif there is a stage that is not fully operation, the system should be strong enough to alert the managers (Wenzhe, Maoshan, Duffield, Young and Youmei, 2007). Progress reporting: the system should be able to check and report the progress of the system periodically and offer reports that can be used to improve the project, to be in a position to do this, the system should incorporate some checks and balances and have optimal performances levels. Communication o f key project data: in management of a project, data and information is of essence, there is need to have timely and relevant data at all times. This will offer the much-needed resource to manage the project effectively: an effective system should have the ability to offer the required data when needed and portray the data in an acceptable manner. Resource and capacity planning: resources are limited, they need to be effectively managed and put in optimal use, an effective system should have the capability of offering a resource allocation tracking system Cost and benefits tracking: as the project unfolds, there is an urgent need to have all the areas on track, the system should ensure that it looks into the development of a project and make improvements changes where needed (Gary, 2010) Computer aiding monitoring and evaluation assess the project as a whole and assist managers to have a better track of the project progress, they are of great benefit to management and they need to be of the right operation, failure to which a project will suffer. The main objective of an effective computer aiding monitoring and evaluation program is to put available resources into optimal use; resources are scarce so their management and utility is paramount in modern societies (Cleland and Ireland, 2006). Managers should understand that their main role id linking the laid down strategy with actual performance, they should understand that they should be the pioneers of development and operation in the firm (Wheelen and Hunger, 1998). When they fail to undertake effectively their duty, they should be assured they are leading their organization to failure. The first thing that program managers should embark on is internal analyzing of its potential, and ways that the potential can be put in proper use. With limited resources and having a variety of mutually exclusive projects to undertake, the managers should ensure they select that project that offers maximum returns to the ta rget population and cost the organizations involved relatively manageable costs (Andersen and Vaagaasar, 2009) To create synergy and keep a project running, program managers needs to develop management elements and factors that can be used to motivate the team players to work hand; they should be encouraged through being shown the success they have made so as they can feel motivated to develop the project further. A project is bound to be faced with a number of risks; there is need for management to establish the risks that are to be associated with the project and develop adequate mitigation measures. When managing a project, there is needed to have an honest management and team, this will facilitate the development of appropriate decisions making systems to the benefit of the company (Wynant, 1980). Communication is important monitoring and evaluation as well as in initialization, concluding and making final reports of project; computer aiding monitoring and evaluation keeps proje ct managers on track and reminds them on their role to communicate the progress of the project for evaluation purposes. There is need to develop and maintain effective communication method. Managers should be able to offer directions and receive feedbacks from the ground using an appropriate communication method (Anderson, 2010). Depending with the technology adopted and the nature of a project, communication can take different forms: they include online reports, word of mouth, and periodical letters. Project success can be measured in terms of the practicability of business relationships that is directly proportional to the quality of communication (Anbari, 2010). Conclusion Oxfam-Dak Nong Doet project aims to improving the provinces education system; the focus of the project is to school administrators, pupils, parents, ministry of education and training, and teachers. The project has its main risk such as chances of not attaining its set goals and objective if risks associated ar e not effectively managed. Monitoring and evaluation program address risks within a project and ensures that every stage adheres to the pathway as planned and outcomes are attained as required. For an effective monitoring and evaluation, Oxfam should adopt a computer aiding monitoring and evaluation program that assist to keep track the progress of the project; when such a program has been adopted then the project will be successful. References Anbari, F., 2010. The Chunnel Project. Washington: The George Washington University Anderson, B. , 2010. Project Leadership and The Art Of Managing Relationship. Project management, 64(3), p. 58. Andersen, E. S., and Vaagaasar, A., 2009. Project management improvement efforts-creating project management value by uniqueness or mainstream thinking? Project Management Journal, 40(1), pp. 19-27. Cleland, D., and Ireland, R., 2006. Project management: strategic design and implementation. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Gary, L., 2010. Project management theory and practice .Baca Raton: Auerbach publishers. Kumar, P., 2005. Effective Use of Gantt chart for Managing Large Scale Projects Cost Engineering, 47(7), pp. 14-21. Livingston, J., 2008. Founders at work: stories of startups early days. Berkeley: Apress Long, J., Plosser, C. I.,1983. Real Business Cycles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Marcus, G., 2010. Fundamental of agile project management: an overview. New York: Asme press. McComb, S., Kennedy, D., Green, S., and Compton, W., 2008. Project team effectiveness: the case for sufficient setup and top management involvement. Production Planning Control, 19(4), pp. 301-311. Newbold, R. C., 1998. Project Management in the Fast Lane; Applying the Theory of Constraints. New York: St. Lucie Publishers. Pons, D., 2008. Project management for new product development. Project Management Journal, 39(2), 82-97. Posond, D., 2008. Project management for new product development. Project Management Journal, 39(2), 82-97. S hane, S., 2003. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: the Individual-Opportunity. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Vaagaasar, A., 2009. Project management improvement efforts-creating project management value by uniqueness or mainstream thinking? Project Management Journal, 40(1), PP. 19-27. Walkenbach, J., 1997. Gantt charts in Excel. PC World, 15(12), p. 386. Wenzhe, T., Maoshan, Q., Duffield, C., Young, D., and Youmei, L., 2007. Risk Management in the Chinese Construction Industry. Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 133(12), pp.944-956. Wheelen, L., and Hunger, J.,1998. Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley. Wynant, L., 1980. Essential elements of project financing. Harvard Business Review, 58(3), pp.165-173. Monitoring and Evaluations in Development For projects to be successful they need to be monitored and evaluated efficiently and effectively. Several techniques are applied during the whole process of project monitoring and evaluations development. The most common is the most significant change technique (MSC). The MSC technique â€Å"is a form of participatory monitoring and evaluation† (Davies Dart 2005, p.8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring and Evaluations in Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is preferred as participatory because it involves different stakeholders who are involved in making decisive changes being recorded as well as analyzing the collected data (Ramalingam 2006, p.17; Dart Davies 2003, 157). It qualifies as a monitoring technique because it is applied along the program cycle through the provision of valuable management information. On the other hand, it is considered as an evaluating technique because it ab le to provide required â€Å"data on impact and the outcomes† (Davies Dart 2005, p.8; Serrat 2009, p.1) that is important in assessing a program performance. The MSC technique revolves around the gathering of vital changes that occur from the field and the significant stories (Mcdonald, Bammer Deane 2009, p.57) are selected by the field staff. Upon the capture of the stories, the stakeholders sit down, loudly read the stories and engage in in-depth discussions. The MSC was developed by Rick Davies in 1996 (Coy n.d, p.3; Lunch, 2007, p.28) as way of monitoring and evaluating participatory â€Å"rural development programme in Bangladesh† (Willetts Crawford 2007, p.367; Le Cornu, Peters, Foster 2003, p.3). It was seen as the alternative for the complex monitoring and evaluation techniques. Lastly, when the techniques have been successfully implemented the teams focus on the impact the program would have. The essay explores the challenges that face successful applicatio n of the most significant change technique. Like any other technique, the most significant change technique is faced by numerous challenges. One of the challenges that face successful application of the MSC is the ability to make the staff in a project to adequately and fully understand the MSC (Davies Dart 2005, p.55).Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although it seems like a simple technique, most of the people find it challenging as it uses a different approach of monitoring and evaluating a project. This is because it is carried across multi-lingual and cross-cultural contexts with the aim of collecting the most successful stories. In these contexts, it may be difficult to implement the MSC because of the communication barrier created. Because of its inclusivity procedure, the Most Significant Change technique does not discriminate people across ethic or language divide. The communication barrier created by this inclusivity and context makes it hard to decide on the basic indicators and domains to use. Other than communication, training the project staffs to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge could be very difficult (Davies Dart 2005, p.55). Training the participants to fully understand the participatory monitoring and evaluation, the trainers are faced with the challenge of deciding what skills to prescribe (Estrella 2000, p.218). This is because the different people used in capacity building are of different levels. For instance, there are those who already have the required skills and need to improve while others are new in the capacity building program and need to acquire the basic skills (Coninck 2008, 144). The choice becomes very difficult because the stakeholders should be at the same level skill wise for the MSC to be successful. The different levels of capacity mean that differing perspectives and capacities are brought on to the table. The implication of this is that at the community level, the stakeholders could be hindered by the powerbase. The stakeholders with much strength could use their influence to control the resources meant for all people. Participatory monitoring and evaluation would be compromised because only few people’s stories would be recorded. Another challenge faced during MSC application is capacity building. Capacity building entails the identification of the participants to be involved in a participatory project monitoring and evaluation. Capacity building consists of different participants who have different level of understanding, skills, and education. Therefore, it becomes challenging to fully accommodate all the people and train them on the same domain without conflict of interest. The need to build the capacities of the participants collectively (Estrella et al. 2000, p.218) could be very challenging making it difficult to successfully apply the participatory monito ring and application. Like development research, MSC requires the proper outlining of the motives (Akker n.d, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring and Evaluations in Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dominant shareholders may have negative influence on the implementation of a successful MSC. This is because their willingness to share their resources and power may be compromised. They may not be willing to share their resources and capacities with the other participants or shareholders which compromises the whole project monitoring and evaluation process. For examples, donors may only require the local people to participate at the initiation phases which make the locals participation somehow superficial (Estrella 2008, p.221). This may jeopardize the success of the MSC as more time would be required to negotiate the participants and reach a common operative ground. The fact that capacity buildi ng entails different participants as it is based on the wider range of people inclusion principle means that the participants and stakeholders involved share different expectations (Estrella 2008, p.219; Mikkelsen 2007, p.281). This translates that their access needs are totally different which makes it difficult to decide on which stakeholders to start up with. It also brings the challenge of choosing what concepts and skills to use and deciding the initiation point for the MSC implementation. However, it is argued that capacity building should be started with stakeholders who have been occasionally excluded from participatory monitoring and evaluation. This ensures that the needed skills and confidence are build. This may be difficult in choosing the people because as noted the people are from different cultural and lingual backgrounds making communication a barrier. The wider range of the people included in a capacity building means that the people have different visions. This ca n make it difficult in negotiating the shareholders to accommodate the prescribed vision. It may take a lot of time in deciding the most appropriate and accommodative ground. This would jeopardize the allocated timeframe making the whole process delayed thus increasing the possibilities of coming with a successful MSC.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More PME involve a lot of stakeholders participating (Mikkelsen 2007, p.283), however the challenge that faces the facilitator is to choose which shareholder to participate at what level because they all cannot participate at the same level. This may cause delay in choosing and allocating the different levels thus compromising the PME success. The inadequate availability and access to resources has been reported as major constraints in abilities building among the stakeholders involved in a PME (Estrella 2000, p.227). Based on this context, the resources do not necessarily mean funds but the material resources, information, and human capital. The inability to have trained and skilled project facilitators, sufficient materials, and adequate information on the locals and the Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation makes individual capacity and institution building in the MSE compromised. The costs incurred in the training and purchase of the required materials may significantly affect the budget allocated in the monitoring and the evaluation processes. Project facilitators are often faced with the challenge of ensuring that they are not faced with bias which may compromise the success of MSC. For instance, the inclusivity principle requires that all people be actively involved and their change stories collected with bias (Moore Offer n.d, p.117). However, the facilitators may be faced with the problem of choosing between the views of the most articulate participants and those of the others. The ability to make a choice from different collections challenges the facilitators as they try not to be biased and be accommodative to all participants regardless of the abilities. The selection process may also be biased if the facilitators do not facilitate the process across a wider range of spectrum. The challenge that is faced is coming with the most consistent and appropriate team to work with without bias in terms of gender or abilities. Given that MSC operates under the participatory context for validity reasons, it is often faced with the challenge of measuring the impact brought about by the participatory projects (Davies Dart 2005, p.68). The stakeholders are often faced with the challenge of choosing the most appropriate participatory ME to adopt instead of empowering the participants. It is utterly difficult to depend on the purposive sampling involved in MSC sampling. This is because the process involves the collection of the success stories rather than being inclusive. This makes it difficult to record the negative aspects of a particular project. In other instances, it is hard to decide on the appropriate stories from the different cultures â€Å"therefore there would be little value to the use of MSC in such an environment† (IOD PARC 2010). MSC is faced with entry of inaccurate data which is not time bound which may make it insignificant (Kotvojs n.d, p.6). In the most remote areas, it would be hard to successfully apply the MSC te chnique as the validity of the recorded information may be compromised. Since, the MSC technique depends heavily on the collected data, its success may be jeopardized if the collected and recorded information is lost. This would make it impossible to analyze the outcome and the impact of a particular program or project. The collected data requires a lot of time to make reviews (Scott Proescholdbell 2005, 29) and this may be hard for MSC. The concept of the applying the Most Significant Change technique is often not well conceptualized. For example, its application in 3 Australian funded project programs was faced with overcoming misunderstanding (Kotvojs n.d, p.3). It was perceived as an alternative of replacing the monitoring and evaluation process rather than playing a greater part in the broader monitoring and evaluation plan. Therefore, MCS is faced with misconceptions on the role it effectively and essentially plays in participatory ME. Field officers may be challenged in expl aining the importance of the technique and its application. This has the capacity of making its MSC unsuccessful because of the mixed opinions and reactions in regard to the questions asked (Outreach Evaluation Resource Center, 2009, p.1). The evaluation of the development projects involves a lot of heterogeneous activities that may be a challenge (Kumar Seth n.d, p.1). The people involved in project have diverse motives and views. Therefore, the use of the MSC may be compromised because the stakeholders’ motives are all different. For example, the MSC is based on storytelling technique (Groot, Toornstra Tarla 2001, p.1) in which the success stories are recorded. In conclusion, MSC technique which is participatory tool applied in the evaluation and monitoring of projects, is often faced with challenges that jeopardize its success. For instance, it is prone to bias as the tool depends on the selection of the most success stories from a list of many. Because of its wide range o f participants with different languages and cultural contexts, communication barrier is created. This hinders the relay of information to the participants. It also prohibits proper understanding between the stakeholders and the project facilitators. It is also faced with the challenge of disseminating the required skills and knowledge across to the participants. This is because of the different abilities and capabilities that shareholders have. For example, the different participants have different level of education, understanding and capacity. The officer is faced with the challenge of deciding on which group to start up with. Depending on the locality of the targeted group MSC may be hard to successfully apply because of inadequate resources and time. Some of the projects require more resources than others making its application jeopardized. The participants involved in a MCS technique all have different expectations and it may be hard to decide on what changes need to be recorde d. Other than different expectations, the stakeholders bring perspectives and capabilities which may be differing. For instance, one of the groups may be constraint while the other may be willing to benefit from the MSC technique application. These differences make it hard to fully apply the MSC. Time constraints the facilitation of a proper MSC technique. Reference List Akker, J. V. n.d, Principles and methods of development research [Online] Available at http://projects.edte.utwente.nl/smarternet/version2/cabinet/ico_design_principles.pdf Coninck, J.D. et al. 2008, Planning, monitoring and evaluation in development organizations: Sharing training and facilitation experiences, Thousand Oaks, California, Sage publications. Choy, S. n.d, Most significant change technique: a supplementary evaluation tool [Online] Available at http://avetra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/30.00.pdf Dart, J. J. Davies R.J. 2003, A dialogical story-based evaluation tool: the most significant change t echnique, American Journal of Evaluation, Vol. 24 no.2 pp.137-55 De Groot,.W. T, Toornstra, F. H. Tarla, F. N. 2001, Storytelling for Participatory Rural Appraisal [Online] Available at planotes.org/documents/plan_02309.PDF Davies, R. Dart, J. 2005, The ‘Most Significant Change (MSC) technique: A guide to its use [Online] Available at: http://mande.co.uk/docs/MSCGuide.pdf. Estrella, M. et al.2008, Learning from change: Issues and experiences in participatory and evaluation, Southampton, Intermediate Technology Publication Ltd. IOD PARC. 2010, Most Significant Change in practice [Online] Available at iodparc.com/resource/msc.html Kotvojs, F. n.d. MSC: Misconceptions, strengths and challenges [Online] Available at aes.asn.au/conferences/2009/Papers/Kotvojs,%20Fiona%20-%20MSC.pdf . Kumar, A Seth, M, n.d, â€Å"Stories of change for assessing programme impact: Most Significant Change (MSC) technique as a tool for monitoring and evaluation of development programmes† [Onli ne] Available at http://istr.conference-services.net/resources/588/1799/pdf/ISTR2010_0485.pdf Le Cornu, R., Peters, J. Foster, M. 2003, Exploring Perceptions of ‘Significant  Change’ in Reforming Schools [Online] Available at aare.edu.au/03pap/lec03358.pdf Lunch, C, 2007, The Most Significant Change: Using participatory video for monitoring  and evaluation[Online] Available at: http://insightshare.org/sites/default/files/The%20Most%20Significant%20Change%20using%20PV%20for%20ME.pdf . Mcdonald, D., Bammer, G., Deane, P. (2009).Research integration using dialogue methods, Acton, ANU E Press. Mikkelsen, B. 2007, Methods for Development Work and Research. New Delhi: Sage. Moore, A. Offer, L. n.d, Assessing changes in social capacity: experience with the ‘Most Significant Change’ technique, Extension Farming Systems Journal, vol. 5 No.1, pp.113-118. Outreach Evaluation Resource Center. 2009, Handout Five Qualitative Interviewing â€Å"Story† Metho ds  http://nnlm.gov/pnr/training/data_collection/DC_Handout5_story_tech.pdf Ramalingam, B. 2006. Tools for knowledge and learning: A Guide for development and  humanitarian organisations [Online] Available at odi.org.uk/resources/download/153.pdf Serrat, O. 2009, The Most significant change technique [Online] Available at adb.org/Documents/Information/Knowledge-Solutions/Most-Significant-Change.pdf . Scott, S. Proescholdbell, S. 2005. Structured Storytelling Method communityresearchworks.com/Toolbox/ParticipatoryEvaluation/NC_Storytelling_Method.pdf. Willetts, J. Crawford, P. 2007. The most significant lessons about the Most Significant Change technique, Development in Practice, Vol. 17, no. 3, pp.367-379

Walt Disney Company Case study

Walt Disney Company Case study Disney’s has different characters that have proven successful in different market segments and as such, cross-platform franchising has enabled the company to create a sustainable competitive advantage (Russell 2012). For example, the company targets children and young teens with its princess and Cars franchises.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Walt Disney Company Case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Disney’s uses music labels such as Hanna Montana or Jonas Brothers to reach out to a diversified consumer group. On the other hand, the Pirates of Caribbean targets the adults and older teens’ markets. Through product differentiation, Disney has managed to reach out to multiple markets, and this has helped to promote the Disney brand as a whole (Russell 2012). Disney has also adopted product differentiation through its Pirates franchise. This is aimed at gaining sustainable co mpetitive advantage. The Pirates franchise comprises of a series of products such as DVDS, movies, figurines/ships and toys, customers, and Disney world ride. All these products have been integrated into a single franchise that targets different consumer markets. The movie Car is among the major brands that has created a competitive advantage for the company. After the hit movie Cars, Disney went ahead to produce a series under the brand name Cars. To reach out to customers, Disney used DVDs in addition to launching the Disney TV channel. As a result, the company has managed to reach out to different consumers of different age groups and locations. The Cars brand is also available through an online virtual gaming world which targets teens and children. All these practices are part of the company’s product differentiation strategies which the company has adopted in an attempt at reaching out to different customers, thereby creating a competitive advantage. Disney has developed a strong brand which differentiates the company from other competitors in the industry. For example, the brand name, â€Å"Pirates† is used on Disney’s products to appeal to target customers from different segments of the market. Product appeal results in consumer loyalty among the targeted consumer markets thus giving the company an upper hand over its competitors. As noted by Bob Iger, the company has manaed to create multiple experiences through product appeal thus generating consumer enthusiasm (Disney Institute 2012). This has enabled Disney to give its consumers a reason to come back and share the same experience.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The application of market diversification has also given Disney competitive advantage in the market. For example, Disney has been moving its franchises with the objective of capturing the growing t eens’ market. In addition, the company has broadened its viewership on its Disney Channel franchise in a bid to capture new markets. Under the leadership of Bob Iger, the company has moved Disney Channel from premium channels to basic channels. In addition, it has also focused on launching local versions its major key markets around the globe. All these activities have led to a sustainable market share of the company. Marketing mix entails the 4ps that is, product, price, place/distribution, and promotion. Disney’s Cars franchise is one of the company’s leading franchises. According to Disney (2012), the Car franchise has helped the company to achieve huge success in the film industry. As part of its marketing mix, Disney produced the hit movie Cars, which was followed by series of Cars in the form of animations available to targeted markets. The company also produced Cars 2 which promoted the Cars franchise. Other accessories associated with the Disney Cars fra nchise include personal care, food, apparel, home dà ©cor, electronics and toys (Disney 2012). Different products of the Car franchise are promoted through the Disney Channel, personal selling, displays, and advertisements. For instance, Cars was introduced to the movie theaters and to the public by designing cartoon car characters which were later displayed in merchandise stores along with the real Car movie as part of its promotion exercise. The Cars franchise is currently promoted through Cars e-magazine, internet platform and other mobile phone applications such as Cars’ Lightning Was Here (Disney 2012). The products are found in movie theaters’, online platforms, and leading merchandise stores. Disney has adopted a strong distribution network in order to ensure that the products are available to consumers within the stipulated timeframe. Disney uses premium prices as part of its pricing strategy (Garcia 2011). The prices offered by Disney are modest and affordabl e given the high level of competition in the entertainment industry.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Walt Disney Company Case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering that the company’s executives constantly under pressure to increase profit margins the company has adopted aggressive pricing. This strategy is intended to increase sales. Since Disney has already gained its market share, it uses competitive pricing. Competitive pricing is associated with quality products such as the products associated with Cars franchise. Based on the case study, Disney’s major focus has been on family-friendly fairs with a major emphasis on teens and young children. However, due to increased competition in the industry, Disney should consider choosing another market segment. A good example of a new market segment for Disney to target would be young girls in Middle East. Through the Disney Princess franch ise (Walt Disney 2012) the company could target an untapped market in the Middle East. Jasmine as portrayed in the film Aladdin is a girl who was later captured and treated like a slave (Walt Disney 2012). Middle East is an emerging economy with a fast growing population of women. The Middle East market is promising especially the female segment (Krupnick 2011). Therefore, targeting girls in Middle East is appropriate because the population has an increasing purchasing power. Krupnick (2011) add that the Middle East market is composed of oil-rich nations whose purchasing power has been on rise. For instance, Middle East has a purchasing power of more than 8% (Newman 2006). Therefore, it is important to note that the targeted market will afford Disney branded dolls and other feminine related accessories. Some products such as body and hair perfumes for girls which are a reflection of Jasmine would be highly marketable. Furthermore, Middle East Women inclusive of girls have larger inf luence on products because of their family spending. Arab females have been categorized as an attractive market target group because they form the largest group of media consumers (Carter 1997). In addition, they have a higher buying power just like other buyers in Western markets. The population of females of ages below 30 years is higher compared to that of men.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that there is a ready population which can be targeted (Carter 1997). Advertising through the media and magazines are the most appropriate methods of reaching the target market. This is because traditionally, magazines and media have been the key advertising medium for existing and emerging brands (Carter 1997). If at all Disney is to reposition itself in the Middle East market, the management should take in to consideration market changes and market trends. Products diversification would be a viable option as it would ensure that the target market gets to enjoy a variety of Disney’s products. For example, Jasmine diversified fragrances, perfumes, dolls, t-shirts, and clothing have the capacity to evoke various feelings among the target market. Perfumes with different scents and sizes have different effects on different people and are thus recommended. Jasmine dolls should be of different sizes, color, and be clothed differently in order to meet new market trends a nd customers’ preferences. Also, Disney needs to invest heavily on TV commercials and magazines because females from the Middle East are heavy consumers of TV commercials (Carter 1997). In addition, Disney could upgrade its products and give them a youthful look which create memorable experiences and brand image in the minds of the consumers. Finally, the company should improve its current products by adding new features as a way of making them more appealing to the target customers. Carter, Meg. â€Å"The Buying Power of Arab women. (Latest Developments in Advertising in the Middle East). † Campaign. 6 Jun. 1997: 1. Print. Disney. Disney Consumer Products: Disney-Pixar Cars. 2011. Web. https://www.disneyconsumerproducts.com/Home/display.jsp?contentId=dcp_home_ourfranchises_disney_cars_usforPrint=falselanguage=enpreview=falseimageShow=0pressRoom=UStranslationOf=region=0. Disney Institute. Disney’s approach to Brand Loyalty. PDF files. 24 Nov. 2012 disneyinstit utecollateral.com/files/PDP/BrandLoyalty_Extended.pdf Garcia, Jason. â€Å"Disney Pricing Strategy: Seeking More Profits out of Long-Term visitors.† Orlando Sentinel. 20 Jun. 2011: 1. Print. Krupnick, Ellie. Arab Women The Majority Of Couture Clients, Executives Say. 10 Oct. 2011. Web.. huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/07/arab-women-couture-clients_n_999680.html. Newman, Mark. Purchasing Power. 2006. Web.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map170_ver5.pdf Russell, Christina. The Walt Disney Company. PDF files. 24 Nov. 2012, christinalrussell.com/documents/DisneyFinanceProject_000.pdf. Walt Disney. Disney Consumer Products: Disney Princess. 2011. Web. https://www.disneyconsumerproducts.com/Home/display.jsp?contentId=dcp_home_ourfranchises_disney_princess_usforPrint=falselanguage=enpreview=falseimageShow=0pressRoom=UStranslationOf=region=0